Restorative Prosthetic Considerations

Periodontics  ›  Treatment

Restorative & Prosthetic Considerations

High-yield revision notes with linked practice questions, written for dental students and candidates preparing for the ADC and other licensing examinations.

High-yield notes

Failure to control active periodontitis can result in acute exacerbations and bone loss during tooth movement.

At least 2 months of healing is recommended after soft tissue grafting procedures before initiating restorative dentistry.

The healthy gingival sulcus has shown an average depth of 0.69 mm

Greater than 3 mm of soft tissue between the bone and gingival margin, with adequate attached gingiva, allows crown lengthening by gingivectomy.

With less than 3 mm of soft tissue between the bone and gingival margin, or less-than-adequate attached gingiva, a flap procedure and osseous recontouring are required for crown lengthening.

The biologic, or attachment, width can be identified for the individual patient by probing to the bone level (referred to as "sounding to bone") and subtracting the sulcus depth from the resulting measurement.

Practice questions

Select an option to check your answer. Answers are shown below each question.

Question 1

Definitive periodontal pocket therapy for deep pockets

  • Amay be postponed until after the completion of orthodontic tooth movement, If nonsurgical treatment is sufficient
  • Bshould be carried out during the orthodontic treatment, even if nonsurgical treatment is sufficient
  • Cshould never be carried out in the tooth previously moved by orthodontic forces
  • Dis not required.
Answer: A. may be postponed until after the completion of orthodontic tooth movement, If nonsurgical treatment is sufficient Carranza 11th ed, page 982
Question 2

Minimal distance between alveolar bone crest and the gingival margin should be

  • A2.04 mm
  • B2.07 mm
  • C1.97 mm
  • D3.0 mm
Answer: D. 3.0 mm Carranza 11th ed, page no 984
Question 3

Surgical crown lengthening include the removal

  • ASoft tissue to increase the crown length
  • BAlveolar bone
  • CApex of the root
  • DBoth a and b
Answer: D. Both a and b Carranza 11th ed, page no 984
Question 4

which of the following restorative margin is least desirable?

  • ASupragingival due to unesthetic appearance
  • BEquigingival as it is unesthetic as well as retain more plaque than supragingival or subgingival margins and therefore result in greater gingival inflammation.
  • CSubgingival as these margins are not as accessible as supragingival or equigingival margins for finishing procedures.
  • DBoth b and c
Answer: C. Subgingival as these margins are not as accessible as supragingival or equigingival margins for finishing procedures. Carranza 11th ed, page 989
Question 5

False regarding Biological width

  • Athe dimension of space that the healthy gingival tissues occupy between the base of the sulcus and the underlying alveolar bone
  • Bis comprised of the junctional epithelial attachment and the connective tissue attachment
  • Cthe connective tissue attachment occupies 0.97 mm and that the junctional epithelial occupies another 1.07 mm of space resulting in total of 2.04 mm width.
  • DAll of the options are correct.
Answer: C. the connective tissue attachment occupies 0.97 mm and that the junctional epithelial occupies another 1.07 mm of space resulting in total of 2.04 mm width. Carranza 11th ed , page 990
Question 6

During the placement of the zirconia crown on maxillary central incisor, the biological width was violated interproximally by 1 mm. This can be corrected by

  • ARemoving interproximal bone 1 mm
  • BRemoving interproximal bone 1.5 mm as a safety factor
  • COrthodontic extrusion of the teeth
  • DBoth b and c
Answer: D. Both b and c Carranza 11th ed, page 991
Question 7

Which of the following is not carried out while Orthodontic extrusion during correction of violation of biological width is done

  • ABy applying low orthodontic extrusion force
  • BRapid extrusion by cutting the supracrestal fibres
  • CBoth of the above may be done
  • DNone of them is desired
Answer: C. Both of the above may be done Carranza 11th ed, page 991/992
Question 8

The first step in using sulcus depth as a guide in margin placement is to

  • AMaintain the depth of sulcus to 3.0 mm
  • BMeasure the biological width
  • CMaintain the gingival health
  • DOrthodontic extrusion of the teeth
Answer: C. Maintain the gingival health Carranza 11th ed, page 992
Question 9

If the sulcus probes more than 1.5 mm, the guideline to place restoration margin is

  • Aplace the restoration margin 0.5 mm below the gingival tissue crest
  • Bplace the margin half the depth of the sulcus below the tissue crest
  • Cevaluate to see if a gingivectomy could be performed to lengthen the teeth and create a 1.5-mm sulcus. Then the patient can be treated using Rule 1.
  • Devaluate to see if a gingivectomy could be performed to lengthen the teeth and create a 3.0 mm sulcus. Then the patient can be treated using Rule 1.
Answer: B. place the margin half the depth of the sulcus below the tissue crest Carranza 11th ed, page 992

These notes are compiled from standard periodontology texts for study purposes. They are a revision aid, not a substitute for your own reading or current clinical guidelines. If you spot an error, please leave a comment.

Plaque Control

Periodontics  ›  Treatment

Plaque Control: Mechanical & Chemical

High-yield revision notes with linked practice questions, written for dental students and candidates preparing for the ADC and other licensing examinations.

High-yield notes

Lingual surfaces accumulate the least amount of plaque.

Diameters of common bristles range from

  • 0.007 inch (0.2 mm) for soft brushes to
  • 0.012 inch (0.3 mm) for medium brushes and
  • 0.014 inch (0.4 mm) for hard brushes

The ADA recommends that toothbrushes be replaced every 3 to 4 months.

Abrasives content in toothpaste is 20-40% whereas powder is 95%.

Dentin is abraded 25 times faster and cementum 35 times faster than enamel.

"Target hygiene" achieved with sulcular brushing technique.

The purpose of interdental cleaning is to remove microbial plaque, not just dislodge food wedged between teeth.

Waxed dental floss do not deposit wax on tooth surfaces. (Perry DA, Pattison G: The investigation of wax residue on tooth surfaces after the use of waxed dental floss. Dent Hygiene 1986; 60:16.)

Irrigation performed in the dental office, also called lavage or flushing of the periodontal pocket.

Subgingival irrigation at home is not the oral hygiene procedure of choice for patients requiring antibiotic prophylaxis before dental treatment, particularly if extensive inflammation is present.

If chlorhexidine does not stain the tooth, it does not work.

10 ml of 0.2% solution contains 20 mg chlorhexidine which has a similar effect as 17 ml of 0.12% chlorhexidine (~15ml=18 mg dose)

Practice questions

Select an option to check your answer. Answers are shown below each question.

Question 1

In healthy subjects the plaque formation begins on the

  • AInterdental surfaces
  • BFacial surface
  • CLingual surface
  • DFacial surface on maxilla and lingual surface on mandible
Answer: A. Interdental surfaces
Question 2

To achieve caries reduction process, the concentration of fluoride in dentrifices should be

  • A0.7-1.2 ppm
  • B10-100 ppm
  • C500-800 ppm
  • D1000-1100 ppm
Answer: D. 1000-1100 ppm
Question 3

"Calculus control toothpastes," also referred to as "tartar control toothpastes," contain

  • ADiphosphates
  • BPyrophosphates
  • CTriple phosphates
  • DZinc phosphates
Answer: B. Pyrophosphates
Question 4

Themost widely recommended tool for removing plaque from proximal tooth surface is

  • ADental floss
  • BWooden tips
  • CPlastic tips
  • DInterdentalbrushes
Answer: A. Dental floss
Question 5

Recommended length of dental floss for flossing technique is

  • A5-10 inch
  • B6-12 inch
  • C12-18 inch
  • D30-45 inch
Answer: C. 12-18 inch
Question 6

Type II gingival embrasures

  • Aembrasures with no gingival recession
  • Badequately cleaned using dental floss
  • Clarger spaces with exposed root surfaces
  • Dsingle-tufted brushes clean efficiently
Answer: C. larger spaces with exposed root surfaces
Question 7

Not an essential oil mouth rinses

  • AThymol
  • BEucalyptol
  • CChlorhexidine
  • DMenthol
Answer: C. Chlorhexidine
Question 8

Not a side effect of chlorhexidine

  • ABrown discoloration of the teeth
  • BTaste perturbation where the salt taste appears to be preferentially affected
  • CEnhanced supragingival calculus formation
  • DOral cancer
Answer: D. Oral cancer
Question 9

Supragingival plaque control reduces

  • APocket depth
  • BGingival inflammation
  • CLoss of attachment
  • DAll of the above
Answer: B. Gingival inflammation
Question 10

Chlorhexidine digluconate is

  • ASoluble in water
  • BSparingly soluble in water
  • CInsoluble in water
  • DPartially insoluble in water
Answer: A. Soluble in water lindhe page 748
Question 11

Most oral formulations and products have used the chlorhexidinedigluconate salt, which is manufactured as a

  • A2% V/V concentrate.
  • B0.2 % V/V concentrate.
  • C20% V/V concentrate.
  • D1% V/V concentrate.
Answer: C. 20% V/V concentrate.
Question 12

Chlorhexidine is

  • Aa strong acid and dicationic at pH levels below 3.5
  • Ba strong base and dicationic at pH levels below 3.5
  • Ca strong base and dicationic at pH levels above 3.5
  • Da strong acid and dicationic at pH levels above 3.5
Answer: C. a strong base and dicationic at pH levels above 3.5
Question 13

Which of the following is not the mechanisms proposed for chlorhexidine staining

  • ADegradation of the chlorhexidine molecule to release parachloraniline
  • BCatalysis of Maillard reactions
  • CProtein denaturation with metal sulfide formation
  • DPrecipitation of cationic dietary chromogens.
Answer: D. Precipitation of cationic dietary chromogens. lindhe page 749
Question 14

Chlorhexidine is a useful mouthwash as [2072/12/1]

  • AIt prevents plaque accumulation.
  • BIt prevents bacterial proliferation
  • CIt breaks down plaque matrix
  • DIt causes haemostasis
Answer: A. It prevents plaque accumulation.
Question 15

Not true about chlorhexidine

  • AAt low concentration this binds to bacterial cell membrane and results in increased permeability with leakage of intracellular components including potassium.
  • BPlaque inhibition is derived only from the chlorhexidine adsorbed to the tooth surface.
  • CIf chlorhexidine does not stain the tooth, it does not work.
  • DThe molecule attaches to pellicle by both cation making the attachment stronger.
Answer: D. The molecule attaches to pellicle by both cation making the attachment stronger.
Question 16

PIN-CUSHION EFFECTis responsible for

  • AInhibiting bacteria to colonize the tooth surface.
  • BStaining of the tooth by chlorhexidine
  • CReduction in the plaque inhibition of chlorhexidine by toothpaste if used shortly after rinses with the antiseptic.
  • DAll of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Question 17

First modern tooth brush was invented by

  • AChinese
  • BEnglish
  • CAmerican
  • DJapanese
Answer: B. English

These notes are compiled from standard periodontology texts for study purposes. They are a revision aid, not a substitute for your own reading or current clinical guidelines. If you spot an error, please leave a comment.

Coronoplasty in Periodontal Therapy

Periodontics  ›  Treatment

Coronoplasty in Periodontal Therapy

High-yield revision notes with linked practice questions, written for dental students and candidates preparing for the ADC and other licensing examinations.

High-yield notes

Coronoplasty is the mechanical elimination of occlusal supra contacts that may be present during functional movements.

First step of Coronoplasty is elimination of retrusive contact prematurities.

The correction of occlusal supracontacts consists of Grooving, Spheroiding and Pointing

The only clinical criteria used to test the efficacy of coronoplasty is Reduction of tooth mobility

Practice questions

Select an option to check your answer. Answers are shown below each question.

Question 1

First step of Coronoplasty is ``` ```

  • AElimination of retrusive contact prematurities
  • BElimination of working side contact prematurities
  • Celimination of balancing side interferences
  • DElimination of excessive contact of anterior teeth
Answer: A. Elimination of retrusive contact prematurities
Question 2

The only clinical criteria used to test the efficacy of coronoplasty is ``` ```

  • Areduction of pocket depth
  • BReduction of gingival inflammation
  • Creduction of tooth mobility
  • DAll of the above
Answer: C. reduction of tooth mobility
Question 3

In bruxism patient, the muscle that exhibits overdevelopment is ``` ```

  • ALateral pterygoid
  • BMasseter
  • CTemporalis
  • DInternal pterygoid
Answer: B. Masseter
Question 4

Which of the following is not an indication of occlusal correction? ``` ```

  • AWear facets
  • BWidening of periodontal ligament
  • CPain during tooth contacts
  • DTMJ symptoms
Answer: A. Wear facets
Question 5

Occlusal correction is done after periodontal therapy in which condition ``` ```

  • Ainfrabony pockets
  • BSuprabony pockets
  • Ctrauma from occlusion
  • DPseudopockets
Answer: C. trauma from occlusion
Question 6

Occlusal guard/Maxillary splint is given in bruxism to ``` ```

  • APrevent bruxism
  • BReduce pocket formation
  • CReduce traumatic forces of tooth
  • DPrevent elongation of tooth
Answer: C. Reduce traumatic forces of tooth

These notes are compiled from standard periodontology texts for study purposes. They are a revision aid, not a substitute for your own reading or current clinical guidelines. If you spot an error, please leave a comment.

Local Drug Delivery

Periodontics  ›  Treatment

Antimicrobials & Local Drug Delivery

High-yield revision notes with linked practice questions, written for dental students and candidates preparing for the ADC and other licensing examinations.

High-yield notes

Antibiotics are only an adjuncts to scaling and root planing.

Antibiotic of strength 500 times greater than the usual therapeutic dose may be needed to be effective against bacteria arranged in biofilms.

Metronidazole should not be administered along with warfarin, lithium & alcohol (disulfiram like reaction).

The most widely used antibiotics are penicillins. They inhibit bacterial cell wall production.

Clindamycin has shown efficacy in patients with periodontitis refractory to tetracycline therapy. It is used in patients allergic to penicillin. The most common side effect is pseudomembranous colitis

CMT stands for chemically modified tetracycline.

Scaling and root planing are mechanical modes of anti-infective therapy.

The amount of bone destruction by host's immunologic response against bacteria (indirect bone loss) is greater than that of the bone loss induced by the bacteria itself.

No single antibiotic at concentrations achieved in body fluids inhibits all putative periodontal pathogens.

Tetracyclines

  • used in treating refractory periodontitis, including localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP)
  • Tetracyclines have the ability to concentrate in the periodontal tissues (GCF: 2-10 times than blood) and inhibit the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.
  • In addition, tetracyclines exert an anticollagenase effect that can inhibit tissue destruction and may aid bone regeneration.
  • bacteriostatic and are effective against rapidly multiplying bacteria
  • tooth discoloration occurs when administered to children up to age 12 years.
  • Minocycline is the only tetracycline that can discolor permanently erupted teeth and gingival tissue when administered orally.
  • the most photosensitizing agent in the tetracycline category is doxycycline

Practice questions

Select an option to check your answer. Answers are shown below each question.

Question 1

Not true about doxycycline

  • Arecommended dosage when used as an antiinfective agent is 100 mg bid the first day, then 100 mg once a day
  • BTo reduce GI upset, 50 mg can be taken bid
  • Csub-antimicrobial dose (to inhibit collagenase), doxycycline is recommended in a 20-mg dose twice daily
  • Dall are true
Answer: D. all are true
Question 2

Metronidazole alone is not effective against

  • AA. actinomycetemcomitans
  • BPorphyromonas gingivalis
  • CPrevotella intermedia
  • DTreatment of ANUG
Answer: A. A. actinomycetemcomitans
Question 3

The only antibiotic in periodontal therapy to which all strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans are susceptible is

  • AClavulanic acid
  • BCephalosporin
  • CDoxycycline
  • DCiprofloxacin
Answer: D. Ciprofloxacin
Question 4

Drugs that should not be combined to produce desired effect

  • AAmoxicillin-clavulinic acid
  • BAmoxicillin-metronidazole
  • CAmoxicillin-Tetracycline
  • DMetronidazole-ciprofloxacin
Answer: C. Amoxicillin-Tetracycline
Question 5

The use of antibiotics to treat plaque induced gingival diseases is

  • ADone after scaling and root planing
  • BDone before scaling and root planing
  • CDone before and after scaling and root planing
  • DContraindicated
Answer: D. Contraindicated
Question 6

Local drug delivery is not preferred when

  • Aprobing depths greater than 5 mm with inflammation still present after conventional therapy.
  • Bmultiple sites present in the same quadrant
  • Cbarrier membranes are placed
  • Dpatient is medically compromised
Answer: B. multiple sites present in the same quadrant
Question 7

2% minocycline as local delivery agent is available as

  • AAtridox
  • BPeriochip
  • CArestin
  • DPeriogard
Answer: C. Arestin

These notes are compiled from standard periodontology texts for study purposes. They are a revision aid, not a substitute for your own reading or current clinical guidelines. If you spot an error, please leave a comment.

Gingival enlargement plys periodontal Abscess

Periodontics  ›  Pathology

Gingival Enlargement & Periodontal Abscess

High-yield revision notes with linked practice questions, written for dental students and candidates preparing for the ADC and other licensing examinations.

High-yield notes

Gingival enlargement is a well-known consequence of the administration of some anticonvulsants, immune-suppressants, and calcium channel blockers

The growth starts as a painless, beadlike enlargement of the interdental papilla and extends to the facial and lingual gingival margins

The enlargement is usually generalized throughout the mouth but is more severe in the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions.

The first drug-induced gingival enlargements reported were those produced by phenytoin (Dilantin).

Cyclosporine-induced gingival enlargement is more vascularized than phenytoin enlargement

Pregnancy gingival enlargement may be marginal and generalized or may occur as single or multiple tumor-like masses

In pregnancy hormonal changes induce changes in vascular permeability, leading to gingival edema and increase inflammatory response to dental plaque.

Gingival enlargement in vitamin C deficiency is marginal; the gingiva is bluish red, soft, and friable and has a smooth, shiny surface

Pyogenic granuloma is a tumor-like gingival enlargement that is considered an exaggerated conditioned response to minor trauma

False enlargements are not true enlargements of the gingival tissues but may appear as such as a result of increases in size of the underlying osseous ordental tissues.

Gingivectomy is treatment of choice for gingival enlargement.

Periodontal abscess is also called parietal or lateral abscess.

Incision and drainage is required for gingival and periodontal abscess management.

These notes are compiled from standard periodontology texts for study purposes. They are a revision aid, not a substitute for your own reading or current clinical guidelines. If you spot an error, please leave a comment.

Trauma From Occlusion

Periodontics  ›  Aetiology

Trauma from Occlusion

High-yield revision notes with linked practice questions, written for dental students and candidates preparing for the ADC and other licensing examinations.

High-yield notes

Most common type of trauma from occlusion is the chronic TFO.

Primary trauma from occlusion occurs if trauma from occlusion is considered the primary etiologic factor in periodontal destruction.

In primary TFO, supracrestal gingival fibers are not affected and therefore prevent apical migration of the junctional epithelium.

Secondary trauma from occlusion occurs when the adaptive capacity of the tissues to withstand occlusal forces is impaired by bone loss resulting from marginal inflammation. This reduces the periodontal attachment area and alters the leverage on the remaining tissues.

If jiggling forces are exerted, the areas of pressure and tension may coexist in the same area, hence it is the most harmful type of force

Slightly excessive pressure stimulates resorption of the alveolar bone, with a resultant widening of the periodontal ligament space.

Slightly excessive tension causes elongation of the periodontal ligament fibers and apposition of alveolar bone.

The areas of the periodontium most susceptible to injury from excessive occlusal forces are the furcations

Trauma from occlusion is reversible.

The presence of inflammation in the periodontium as a result of plaque accumulation may impair the reversibility of traumatic lesions.

The marginal gingiva is unaffected by trauma from occlusion because its blood supply is not affected, even when the vessels of the periodontal ligament are obliterated by excessive occlusal forces.

Trauma from occlusion does not cause pockets or gingivitis nor does it increase gingival fluid flow.

Supragingival plaque can become subgingival if the tooth is tilted orthodontically or migrates into an edentulous area, resulting in the transformation of a suprabony pocket into an intrabony pocket.

Inflammation, in the presence of TFO may proceed to the periodontal ligament rather than to the bone. Resulting bone loss would be angular, and pockets could become intrabony.

Practice questions

Select an option to check your answer. Answers are shown below each question.

Question 1

The effect of occlusal forces on the periodontium is influenced by the

  • AMagnitude and Direction
  • BDuration
  • Cfrequency of the forces
  • Dall of the above
Answer: D. all of the above
Question 2

The most dangerous type of force to the periodontium is

  • AVertical force
  • BOcclusal force
  • CJiggling force
  • DHorizontal force
Answer: C. Jiggling force
Question 3

When occlusal forces is very high but is within the range of adaptive capacity of the periodontal tissues,

  • ATrauma from occlusion results
  • BOcclusal trauma results
  • CWidening of periodontal ligament occurs
  • DPeriodontal necrosis occurs
Answer: C. Widening of periodontal ligament occurs
Question 4

When trauma from occlusion is the result of reduced ability of the tissues to resist the occlusal forces, it is known as

  • AAcute trauma from occlusion
  • BChronic trauma from occlusion
  • CPrimary trauma from occlusion
  • DSecondary trauma from occlusion
Answer: D. Secondary trauma from occlusion
Question 5

TFO associated with parafunctional habits are most likely to be

  • AAcute trauma from occlusion
  • BChronic trauma from occlusion
  • CPrimary trauma from occlusion
  • DSecondary trauma from occlusion
Answer: B. Chronic trauma from occlusion
Question 6

Lipping is seen in which stage of TFO?

  • AStage of injury
  • BStage of repair
  • CStage of adaptive remodeling
  • DAll stages show lipping
Answer: B. Stage of repair
Question 7

Not a feature of TFO

  • AAngular bone loss
  • BFunnel shaped widening of the ligament
  • CAbsence of tooth mobility
  • DAbsence of pocket formation
Answer: C. Absence of tooth mobility
Question 8

Repair phase of trauma from occlusion shows

  • Aincrease in areas of resorption and a decrease in bone formation
  • Bdecreased resorption and increased bone formation
  • Cresorption and formation are balanced
  • Dinconsistent pattern of resorption and formation.
Answer: B. decreased resorption and increased bone formation
Question 9

Insufficient occlusal force may cause

  • Aosteoporosis of the alveolar bone
  • Breduction in bone height
  • Cthinning of the periodontal ligament with atrophy of the fibers
  • Dall of the above
Answer: D. all of the above
Question 10

The most common clinical sign of trauma to the periodontium is

  • AIncreased pocket depth
  • BBleeding on probing
  • CIncreased tooth mobility
  • DEdema of the gingiva
Answer: C. Increased tooth mobility
Question 11

All are signs of periodontal trauma except

  • APain
  • BMobility
  • CHypersensitivity
  • DBleeding
Answer: D. Bleeding
Question 12

Mobility of teeth due to occlusal trauma can be tested by

  • APercussion of tooth
  • BDigital palpation
  • CShimmock paper
  • DBite marking paper
Answer: B. Digital palpation
Question 13

The load on the tooth that is most destructive to the periodontium ``` ```

  • AVertical
  • BOblique
  • CHorizontal
  • DApical
Answer: C. Horizontal
Question 14

Tissue changes occurring in teeth no longer in function ``` ```

  • AWidening of PDL
  • BIncreased trabeculation
  • CCemental atrophy
  • DAll
Answer: C. Cemental atrophy
Question 15

In ''Jiggling ''type of trauma, the occlusal force causes

  • Afunnel shaped destruction of the socket wall
  • Bdistinct pressure and tension sides within the periodontal ligament
  • CNo change in the socket wall
  • DHas no effect on periodontal ligament space
Answer: A. funnel shaped destruction of the socket wall
Question 16

TFO doesn't affect ``` ```

  • AAlveolar bone and enamel
  • BCementum and enamel
  • CGingiva and epithelial attachment
  • DPDL and cementum
Answer: C. Gingiva and epithelial attachment

These notes are compiled from standard periodontology texts for study purposes. They are a revision aid, not a substitute for your own reading or current clinical guidelines. If you spot an error, please leave a comment.